There is no single line; it's many pathways
No single "line" exists. US law sets several separate routes to a green card and then citizenship, each with its own eligibility rules and caps. Some people wait years or decades, and many have no route at all.
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"Get in line" is a common phrase in immigration debates, but it isn't a literal queue. US immigration law lets people apply only if they fit a specific category, and Congress caps most categories each year. For some applicants, such as the spouse of a citizen, the process is fairly direct. For others, such as siblings of citizens from heavily oversubscribed countries or skilled workers from India, the backlog can run for decades. Many people, such as most low-skilled workers with no family ties, have no applicable category. Asylum and refugee routes are separate and depend on a person's circumstances. Exact wait times change monthly, so check the current Visa Bulletin and USCIS information.
- Main routes to permanent residence are family sponsorship, employer sponsorship, the diversity visa lottery (55,000 a year), and refugee or asylum status.
- Spouses, minor children and parents of adult US citizens are "immediate relatives" with no annual cap, so they wait only for processing.
- Other family categories and employment categories have annual caps and per-country limits. The State Department's monthly Visa Bulletin shows waits of many years, and in some categories decades, for countries such as Mexico, the Philippines, India and China.
- People without a qualifying family member, employer or humanitarian claim generally have no available line.
- Naturalization comes after permanent residence, usually 5 years (3 if married to and living with a US citizen), plus other requirements.